Kafra Kambon, head of the Emancipation Support Committee, one of Makandal Daaga’s right hand men during the 1970s Black Power revolution, first met him when he was president of the guild at the University of the West Indies (UWI) in the late 1960s.
Daaga, born Geddes Granger, was the son of a mechanic and a housewife of Laventille Road, Laventille, who placed a strong emphasis on education.
“Once Daaga took over the guild, students became more involved in the wider community.
“Students were encouraged to go into poorer communities like Laventille and give young people lessons and get involved with trade unions and civil groups,” Kambon recalled.
Tracing his experience with Daaga, Kambon said a protest by students at the Sir George Williams University of Canada against a racist professor in February 1969 triggered the formation of the National Joint Action Committee (NJAC).
Canada’s Governor General, Roland Michener, visited the UWI campuses which were supporting the protest in a bid to appease them but he never got past the St Augustine gate.
Daaga, Kambon and other students, including former government minister, Augustus Ramrekarsingh, blocked him, causing a major uproar in society.
“We met and formed NJAC that same evening. We put together a group of students, trade unionists and other stakeholders to deal with Canadian imperialism in the Caribbean and the situation at Sir George Williams University.
“We became immediately active, holding public meetings every night all over the country about racism home and abroad,” Kambon said.
NJAC joined the bus strike headed by former Transport and Industrial Workers Trade Union president, Clive Nunez, and Daaga and Kambon were arrested in May 1969 for blocking buses.
After that they continued to mobilise.
“Units of NJAC were built up in communities all over the country and by the time 1970 came around, we were well known and well entrenched. Of course, we were also absolutely hated by a section of society,” he recalled.
The famous Black Power march of February 1970 started almost innocently and quietly, Kambon said.
“A small group of 200 or 300 of us were planning to go and protest by the Canadian embassy on the day the students at the Canadian university were going on trial.
“We took the demonstration to RBC on Independence Square instead and the police came and expelled us from the bank.
“That changed the whole mood of the protest and, as we were crossing Independence Square, we went into a store owned by a Montano with our flags and came back out. Just to intimidate them,” he added.
Kambon said the Catholic church in Montreal had made racist remarks about the protesting students at Sir George Williams University and Daaga and his supporters reached the Catholic church on Independence Square, somebody said: “Man, let’s go in the church.”
They draped white statues in the church with black flags and preached from the pulpit.
“By the time we came out the church, thousands had joined us and shops were closing and workers were being sent home,” he added.
The next morning Daaga, Kambon and a few others were picked up by the police for desecration of a public place of worship, conspiracy to cause public riots and assaulting a police officer.
When they were released, NJAC, led by Daaga, described as a powerful speaker, held two months of intense demonstrations all over the country, joined by thousands of public servants and sugar workers.
“We held a march from Port-of-Spain to Caroni but it was when we decided to march from Caroni to Port-of-Spain the State decided to strike. They declared a state of emergency on April 21, 1970,” he said.
Daaga, Kambon, George Weekes and others were arrested the next day as political detainees and spent seven to eight months in prison.
Kambon, summing up Daaga’s contribution to T&T, said: “He had a significant influence on the major changes in the country in the 20th century, including the nationalisation of private entities.
“He made a serious dent in bridging the gap between Africans and Indians in T&T at the time and helped Afro-Trinidadians reaffirm their identity.
“There was also a resurgence of Indian culture after the 1970s revolution.”
Raffique Shah
Former leader of the army mutiny of 1970, Raffique Shah, first met Daaga in the Royal Gaol (renamed Port-of-Spain State Prison).
Daaga was arrested on April 21 when a state of emergency was declared after he and thousands of NJAC supporters staged a protest march.
Shah said the army mutiny, led by he and Rex la Salle, partly came out of that. “Rex and I were arrested on May 1, 1970,” he added.
He said he did not interact much with Daaga and his group since soldiering made that difficult.
“We met from time-to-time in the prison yard but never formed the kind of friendship where we would visit each other’s homes,” he said.
Giving his take on Daaga’s contribution to T&T, Shah said: “I give him credit for bringing some pride to Afro-Trinidadians.
“He also opened the doors for non-White, dark skinned people to get jobs in banks, with the cabin crew in BWIA and middle to upper level management in companies.”
As for bringing African and Indians together, albeit for a brief time, Shah said he was not sure that stemmed from Daaga alone since decisions were made collectively by others in his group, including Winston Lennard, George Weekes, Kafra Kambon and a lot of others.
He recalled the unity march from Port-of-Spain to Caroni on February 26, 1970 was under the banner, Africans and Indians Unite.
“NJAC has to take credit for reaching out to Indians too. There was a large response from sugar workers in particular, who united with NJAC.
“Others came out their homes during the march to Couva and applauded and gave water and fruit,” he added.
Shah said after Daaga came out of prison he became reclusive and NJAC became a shadow of itself.
Oil dollars were flowing and the Williams adminstration doled out generously to perceived political opponents in a successful bid to quell them, he said.
“When the 1986 general election came around, not one NJAC candidate got 1,000 votes.”
Shah said by the time Daaga went on the People’s Partnership platform in 2010, he was but a shadow of himself, due to age.
“He was 75 and no longer possessed his former oratorial skills. The PP appointed him a Caricom ambassador plenipotentiary but little is known about his activities in this sphere.”
Shah said he last saw Daaga in 2009 at the launch of a documentary on the Black Power Revolution at MovieTowne.
Sunity Maharaj
Media worker, Sunity Maharaj, wife of deceased Lloyd Best, who headed the Tapia House Movement which supported Black Power, said Daaga’s place in T&T’s history was assured.
“In one of the thresholds between political independence and real independence, he emerged as one of the leading figures.”
Daaga, she said, would be remembered for leading a movement to help black youths get an equal place in society and equal opportunities.
“There were many who came out of university in 1962 who really felt they would have gotten a place in society but that was not so,” she said.
She said Daaga helped raise, not just black, but national consciousness. “He made us all aware of discrimination on the basis of colour and race.”
She said his actions pushed the Williams government to change its policies and come out and mingle more with the people.
Dr Keith Rowley
Prime Minister Dr Keith Rowley, who is in the US undergoing medical examinations, sent condolences to family, friends and colleagues on the passing of Daaga.
Lauding Daaga’s contribution to T&T, he said: “Mr Daaga made his mark as a political activist in the 1970s as leader of the Black Power Movement.
“He was not afraid to challenge the status quo, speak up against injustice and advocate for equality.
“Even in the latter years of his life, he continued to be a presence on the political landscape of Trinidad and Tobago which, undoubtedly, attested to the fact that his interest in the development of our twin island state never waned.
"I join the rest of the national community in mourning the loss of Mr Daaga and hold up his loved ones in prayer. May he rest in peace.”
In 2012, Rowley, at a public meeting, chastised Daaga for not speaking out against insufficient funding given to the Emancipation Support Committee for emancipation celebrations that year.
He said Daaga was silent because he was “eating ah food” in the then government.
He said Daaga’s biggest input into the People's Partnership government was the creation of the "absolute nonsense" Ministry of National Diversity and Social Integration”.
Several people associated with Daaga the T&T Guardian spoke to felt those statements did not mean Rowley did not respect Daaga.
Kambon said it may have been a political statement made in a certain context but did not necessarily mean that was how Rowley measured the whole man.
Kwasi Mutema, NJAC chief servant, said he felt one should rise above those statements at this point in time and Daaga himself would not have placed any importance on it.
Maxie Cuffie, Public Administration and Communications Minister, said: “A man is dead and the Prime Minister sent condolences.
“If he didn’t, they would ask why. This is not the kind of question the media should be asking at this time.”
Acting Prime Minister Colm Imbert has also offered condolences on the passing of Daaga.
“On behalf of the Government of Trinidad and Tobago, I join with the national community in extending heartfelt condolences to the Daaga family in this time of grief.
“His leadership of the Black Power Movement in the 1970s brought about far- reaching change which have helped to shape the social and political reality of Trinidad and Tobago.”